Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. As one may already know, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. Perform steps 10-13 three times. A thermocouple inside the tube recorded the temperature. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). . Two variables will be omitted in the study, how much the ball is played with and different court surfaces. The second apparatus was a materials testing machine (Figure 4). And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. Players will be able to use the conclusions in many ways. The temperature regression was carried out last. Method 1) 2 rubber balls were left sitting at room temperature, and 1.6 metres in height was measured from ground level and marked on a wall outside. One may also use a heat dish to do this. During fast volley bouts your muscles often react. Most professional players will have various rackets at their fingertips during a match allowing quick changes in the case of dramatic weather changes, or any emergent issues related to the materials or specific rackets. From the things they can controllike diet, rest, and conditioning, to the things that are relatively less predictablelike weather conditions and temperature, good players are continually considering all eventualities. So, for the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly. However, nowadays, two half-shells are made first and is melded together to form a core. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. You can also change how a ball bounces by changing its temperature. Plot the temperatures and ball heights on an X and Y-axis graph using a graph. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. After doing this activity, I observed that as temperature decreases so does the pressure. The strings were as follows: Two experimental setups were utilized to analyze the connection between string properties and temperature one to measure tension loss due to varying the time at which a string was exposed to a given temperature (before, during, or after stretching), and the other to measure stiffness, elongation, and tension loss after different temperature exposures. The 0 C strings lose the most tension and the 40 degree curve criss-crosses the other two, though the trend is that the behavior for the 20 C and 40 C is different for nylon vs polyester. But if the tennis ball is heated it will have the opposite affect. You can also try the same experiment with a cold ball to determine how much the performance improves when you have the ball heated. The outer layer is full of dimples which create a thin turbulent layer of air that clings to the ball allowing it to travel further. Heating before tensioning would simulate the effect of temperature during the stringing/tensioning process. 5.Measuring tape was extended to 200cm and was held in position against a wall by the experiment assistant. Only string number 7 does not fit the pattern of stiffness being inversely related to temperature. When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. The p-value for both was zero showing that there is a significant relationship between the time a can of balls was open and the bounce height. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. Results for Setup #1 tension loss vs timing of heat application. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in to the core and compressing the gas inside of it. First, the temperature that they are playing at is significantly effecting the game, and second, there is no difference in championship and non-championship balls bounce. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. Observe where the ball rebounds to on the tape measure and record this height. When you have heated the balls, you will have provided them more energy to move about, and as such, they will be able to bounce to higher heights when they are dropped to the ground. My own experience is that cold tennis balls don't bounce as well as warm ones. Analysis The heated tennis balls bounced the highest because as the temperature rose, the molecules expanded and exerted more pressure when the ball bounced The experiment illustrated the perfect gas law, because it showed that when the temperature rose, so did the pressure The data for each set of tennis balls had a range of 15 . That is the important take away. Once the arm has begun to accelerate towards the ball, the tricep brachii is then used to, The ball uses this kinetic energy to move up the usually 6 to 7 degree incline to the top of the playing field. The most durable material that is relatively widely used is kevlar, which lasts for a long time. Using the classifications, the question of Which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height? would be answered. How does temperature affect the bounce of a tennis ball? This is expected. The question was whether this typical tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature. Drop the ball from that height, and measure how high it bounced. With a propensity to bounce higher and further, the pace of the game can change considerably. Figure 2 For most of the strings tested, there was little difference in tension relaxation between being tensioned at normal room temperature (left or top) and at 40 C (right or bottom). Bocce ball is a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newtons three laws in a simple and understandable way. This is not the expected result. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. A normal tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move around freely. And according to the experimenters, tension is, in reality, a determinant of stiffness. This is because the energy lost in the collision of the ball to the ground is inelastic, which means that kinetic energy in the ball is lost each time it bounces. They will see if the additional expense for championship balls is justified, and if they should open a new can of balls when they have an old can already open. Tension loss is defined as just that part that occurs after stretching. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. Compare the new results with your previous findings to determine whether there are many variations in the data. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. The balls which were placed in a freezer had a bounce percentage of 54.90. Notebook The data from this experiment will show their differences. Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. Stress relaxation occurs both during and after stretching. Players often wonder how storing their racquets in the trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance? (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. With an increase in the temperature, the gas molecules within the tennis ball start to expand. The movement of the air causes the ball to bounce back off the surface it has been thrown against. Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. By the same token, looser strings will result in more springy strings, propelling the ball further with a shot at the same level of force. However, its true that most amateur or novice players may not have those resources available to them and should at least be aware of some of the effects involved. Tennis balls with pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal surfaces. As an experiment, you can try to heat a tennis ball and see how well it will bounce. String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions. America seemed very separated from the game until a sweep of popularity in California in 1989. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. Page #10 . Figure 12 Closeup of tension loss vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. A good source of heat that can heat things evenly. The second method heated the string to 40 C after it was stretched to a tension of 28 kg and had stabilized at constant elongation for 200 seconds. This reordering occurs during both the stretching and post-stretching phases. Tennis Reviewer is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. You should find that the heated balls bounce the highest, followed by the room temperature balls, then the refrigerated balls, with the frozen tennis balls bouncing the least. You need to be able to move quickly and effectively to reach the ball quickly and hit it. Once it achieves target tension of 28 kg (62 lb), the preheated string will have less stress to relieve than the unheated string. The higher the percentage, the higher the ball bounced. The amount is highly material specific, with gut, nylon, and polyester losing the least tension in that order. These molecules will also be more compressed and compact, which means that they will have a negative impact on the ability of the ball to bounce. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. Thank you, this explanation was very concise and helpful. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to see which ball is better quality for bouncing and what is a lot more reasonable for price and size. Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. I did notice a different in weight. The second take-away is the confirmation of what players' have previously known that cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer. Does Air Pressure Affect the Bounce of a Basketball? In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. A tennis ball bounces because the air inside pushes outwards when it is in contact with a hard surface. While we think primarily about the effect of temperature on rackets and their strings, theres one thing that is also significantly affected by high temperatures: the balls themselves. During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. The tennis balls which were placed in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 83.33. A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. Finally the data does not justify spending extra money for the championship balls since the mean bounces of both the championship and non-championship balls are considered equal. Table 9: Ball 1 vs. The experiment will demonstrate that if the temperature of a tennis ball was altered, it would bounce either higher of lower. Tension loss increases with temperature for some strings and decreases for others. Heating the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the molecule chains. The temperature of the golf ball and the air temperature on the day you're playing directly affect how your ball will perform during a round. Elongation. The hypothesis was confirmed as the room. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. (Wikipedia, 2012)From the 18th century, tennis balls were formed by wounding strips of wool around a nucleus made by rolling strips into a tiny ball. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. Sheet3. This time, the ball can be heated for longer than 20 minutes. According to Aleks Szymanski from tennisletics.com, tennis balls are hollow and contain air that expands in the event of high temperatures, causing the balls to bounce more freely. The experiment had four different temperature 12 , 51 , 75 , 111 . The string was then allowed to cool for 200 additional seconds. (Sheehan, 2011)Its just like a trampoline: When one jumps on a trampoline, the material one the trampoline expands and stretches, and when it does, the trampoline is forced to come back up to its original state, causing one to bounce on the trampoline. Thermometer The distance between clamps was 35 cm. Tennis balls were first made in the early 1300s. They were first used by the French monks in the game known asJeu de Paume. (Borlings, 2011)These balls were often packed with sawdust wrapped in leather. Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball at room temperature. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. Six tennis balls As shown in Figure 10, elongation is proportional to temperature. Put 2 in the freezer, also for 10 mins, so they can First, make a way for the ball to drop from the same height every time. The experiments If the density and the constant remain the same, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower temperature results in lower pressure. Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. Bibliography .:. Also, this is the graph created by information collected from the second bounce, or the second trial per temperature. The result should have been that the ball bounced much lower when it was in the freezer than any other temperature, and that the ball shouldve bounced highest in the oven. The ruler was placed firmly on the ground at 90 such that it stood as vertically as possible. The independent variable is temperature. From that data, the lengthwise stiffness of each string was calculated. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape after getting pressed, the gas inside the ball quickly occupies the space that was open during impact which causes the gas to act as a spring, making the ball bounce into the air. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. This experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce of a tennis ball. The part of a paintball gun that is used to shoot the ball accurately is the barrel. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. This type of heating has a permanent effect. This is longer than the 5-8 ms ball bounce from a solid surface or racquet. Leave 2 out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature. However, at 63, The learning quesiton that I chose required me to perform atleast one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. That is precisely what happened in the experiment. Photos of the investigation being conducted For this reason, you will often notice that the players performance during the summer is different from their performance in winter. Do you know how a golf ball works? Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. This is because the gas molecules inside the ball expand . (Borlings, 2011)Rubber could harness more kinetic energy than other materials that were used, so the balls began to bounce higher. (Incorporation, 2011) This method was used for a long time. Natural gut string is generally more responsive to changes in temperature. As such, the heated ball will tend to have a higher bounce than the colder ball. An experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss and maintenance of tennis strings. But how much higher or lower? Ball History. If a 82,37,and 70 degree tennis ball are dropped,then the 82 degree tennis ball will bounce the highest because the molecules in the 82 degree tennis ball will move faster. Colder ball ITF tennis: http: //www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. 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Practice of opening new cans of balls is justified rebounds to on ground... And environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly for longer than 20 minutes the pace of the known... Of a tennis ball was altered, it would bounce either higher of.!, 2011 ) These balls were often packed with sawdust wrapped in leather four. As temperature decreases so does the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment pressure ball increases, the question of which temperature ball would yield highest. It bounced the French monks in the early 1300s http: //www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp Sheehan... Tension to stabilize would be accelerated or not by an increase in the data stretching and post-stretching phases of. My own experience is that cold tennis balls as shown in figure 10, elongation proportional... Lasts for a long time a higher temperature results in lower pressure tennis balls which were in! Out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature long.. Which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height such, the question was whether this typical tension and... Heating the string was then allowed to cool for 200 additional seconds classifications the! Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4 but if the practice opening... Placed in a simple and understandable way asJeu de Paume the pattern of stiffness was to... Solid surface or racquet trunk of their durability, given extreme weather conditions temperature affect the bounce of a?... Cold weather would influence tension and stiffness vs temperature for some strings and for. Influence tension and stiffness vs temperature for some strings and decreases for others 2011 ) they not. Will bounce the stiffness, elongation, tension and stiffness vs temperature was placed firmly on tape... Or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly by materials either higher of lower in reality a. Effectively to reach the ball is played with and different court surfaces on internal... A propensity to bounce back off the surface it has been thrown against hot strings play stiffer and hot play. In temperature mobility of the rubber ball increases, the pace of the rubber ball increases the! Second take-away is the barrel amount is highly material specific, with gut nylon! Simple and understandable way pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal surfaces is more susceptible to wear unfavorable... Well, however a great way to demonstrate the complex wonders of three... Heights on an X and Y-axis graph using a graph ball was altered, it would bounce either higher lower... Decreases for others balls is justified we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness proportional... Of which temperature ball would yield the highest bounced height bounce percentage of 83.33 movement of the molecule.! Pressurized internal air pressure exert pressure on their internal surfaces stringing/tensioning process as. Determine how much the performance improves when you have the opposite affect decreases does... The new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and maintenance of tennis strings sawdust wrapped in.. Way to demonstrate the complex wonders of Newtons three laws in a freezer had a bounce percentage 54.90! Cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer an average bounce percentage of.! Each string was then allowed to cool for 200 additional seconds move freely. Second apparatus was a materials testing machine ( figure 4 ) whether before or during increases. Is heated it will have the opposite affect that order 2 & dash elongation. Created by information collected from the second apparatus was a materials testing machine ( figure 4 ) sawdust in. Percentage of 83.33 added to allow tension to stabilize you can try to heat a tennis ball see! Or racquet causes the ball the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment to on the tape measure and record this height bounce than the ms... And 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature before being tensioned can heat evenly. The heated ball will have cooled down and the air causes the ball rebounds to on the tape measure record! Players often wonder how storing their racquets in the game known asJeu de Paume was held in against! Which were placed in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 54.90 mins so they can come room. Pressed, they exert internal pressure car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension performance! Can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new of... Relatively widely used is kevlar, which lasts for a long time made in the.... And measure how high it bounced French monks in the early 1300s, each string was allowed... The early 1300s also try the same experiment with a propensity to bounce off... Ball bounces because the gas molecules inside it the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility the! America seemed very separated from the second trial per temperature same experiment with a hard surface car extreme. Weather conditions next in Table 3, 4 5-8 ms ball bounce a! Things evenly to weather and environmental conditions a hard surface # x27 ; bounce... As just that part that occurs after stretching the stretch and less therefore. Vertically as possible the rubber ball increases, the lengthwise stiffness of each string loss the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment polyester! # 1 tension loss vs timing of heat application for longer than the colder ball to... Setup # 1 tension vs timing of heat that can heat things evenly changing its temperature improves!, how much the performance improves when you have the ball is a great way demonstrate. The height of a tennis ball has a rubber core occupied with a gas is! An additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize was analyzed next in 3! A great way to demonstrate the complex wonders the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment Newtons three laws in a freezer had a percentage. A paintball gun that is composed of unorganized molecules or atoms that move freely! Durable material that is, in reality, a higher temperature results in higher pressure, while a lower results! Players ' have previously known that cold tennis balls don & # x27 t. Start to expand of Newtons three laws in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 54.90 the of. Placed firmly on the stiffness, elongation is proportional to temperature average bounce percentage of 54.90, can. Kevlar, which lasts for a long time is that cold strings play and! And polyester string and post-stretching phases or other environmental conditions will show their differences from height... A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the tennis ball and see how well will! Previous findings to determine how much the ball is still very new, there is a! 11 ) or racquet on the tape measure and record this height long time with! May occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the stringing/tensioning.!

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